CHUCK'S SPECIES PROFILE GREEN-WINGED TEAL Many ducks pass through Peace Valley Nature Center on Lake Galena in the fall, migrating south for the winter. There are basically two types: diving ducks and dabbling ducks. Diving ducks actually swim underwater for food, while dabbling ducks remain on the surface and upend themselves to eat. The smallest dabbling duck in North America is the Green-winged Teal (Anas crecca). The American Green-winged Teal male has a cinnamon colored head with an iridescent green patch that spans around both eyes to taper at the back of the neck. The chest is a light color with dark spotting, while the sides and back appear gray. There is a creamy colored patch at the base of the rump and a white vertical stripe at the shoulder. Females are tannish-brown overall, like many female ducks. They are distinguished be their small size and a noticeable green speculum, which is the area under the wings and in front of the tail on a sitting bird. Dabbling ducks like teal need shallow water in which to feed. Their food consists mainly of small invertebrates and plant seeds. When teal are found at Lake Galena you can usually see them skulking along the shore close to land or walking in mud where food is easily reached. Teal are rapid flyers, reaching speeds of 50 mph. They are the only known duck to scratch themselves in flight. Flocks numbering a dozen or two migrate at night with quick wing beats generating a pleasing whistling sound. Teal we see in the fall are already beginning courting behavior. They form pairs by winter. Sometime in May begins the egg-laying period. The female does everything from this point on. She builds the nest, incubates the 5 or 6 eggs, and protects and feeds them after hatching. Green-winged Teal breed in remote areas throughout most of Canada, Alaska, Maine and the northern tier of the U.S., in beaver ponds, weed-choked creeks, muskeg sloughs and marshes with heavy vegetation and muddy bottoms. They are hunted extensively, but because of the inaccessibility of their breeding grounds, and management of wintering habitats, their numbers are actually on the rise. Chuck Crunkleton leads our bird watching field trips and shares the Saturday morning bird walk duties with August Mirabella NATURE CENTER NOTES 10K RUN COMING SOON! If you are a runner, don't forget that our sixth annual "Friends of the Dove 10K Run" will be held on Sunday, September 11. Registration is from 7:15 - 8:45 am at Pavilion #3 in Peace Valley Park. The race starts at 9 am. The fee for race day applications is $25. If you have any questions, call the nature center at 215-345-7860 and ask for Craig Olsen. WISH LIST Would you be willing to donate any of the following items?: -Clay pots that are 6" or bigger for our children's programs (for making toad castles!). -Binoculars in excellent condition. -Canoe -New LCD Projector -Rowboat oars -ink jet cartridges (The nature center can recycle used ink jet cartridges from your home or work place. A deposit box is located in the foyer of the solar building (see check list for acceptable brands). Thank you Chris Minnich for coordinating this project!) Potential donors please call us at 215-345-7860. Thank You! THANK YOU KEN KITSON! This past spring, Ken Kitson announced his retirement as an off board member of the Friends of PVNC investment committee. This committee reviews, investigates, and provides information and recommendations to the Friends of PVNC board on investment matters. Ken, who was the board president for the Friends from 1990 - 1994, did an excellent job. His investment advice has kept a steady stream of funds coming, most of which help our environmental education programs. Even though Ken is leaving, the committee is still in good hands with George Hoffman and Friends Treasurer Rick Colello. We'll miss your knowledge Ken! BLUEBIRDS HAD A GOOD SPRING Friends of PVNC Board member Ray Hendrick has been keeping track of our bluebird boxes and is happy to report good news. The bluebirds had a successful nesting season this spring! All of the birds that nested had fledglings that survived. In addition, two of the three pairs of bluebirds have produced a second brood. This survival rate of %100 is a far cry from two years ago when cold, wet weather lead to the failure of every bluebird nest. The tally of nests for all boxes: -Eastern Bluebirds, 3 nests -Tree Swallows, 8 nests -House Wrens, 2 nests -Tufted Titmouse, 2 nests -Carolina Chickadee, 1 nest -Carolina Wren, 1 nest Thanks for keeping track of these important statistics Ray! JARIN AND HILL HONOREDBY DOYLE ELEMENTARY On May 5th, Doyle Elementary school students surprised PVNC Director Carolyn Jarin, and Director of Education Gail Hill, by recognizing them for their contribution to environmental education. They were presented a plaque as part of the school's Doyle Day celebration. Congratulations Carolyn and Gail! Q: What do the Central Bucks School District and Carolyn Corey Jarin at Peace Valley have in common? A: There are two correct answers: 1. Both have received the Central Bucks Chamber of Commerce "Ambassador of the Year" Lifetime Achievement Award. Corey in 2004 and CB School District in 2005. The award recognizes people, businesses or organizations whose reputation extends beyond the county and attracts people to our community. 2. Both realize the importance of environmental education in our schools and have acted on that thought with cooperative programs, which are run at Peace Valley Nature Center. All CB fifth graders participate in a full day Field Ecology program, all CB sixth graders attend a Clean Stream program here, and select high school students from each Central Bucks high school attend the Career Academy every day for nine weeks in the spring. COLORING CONTEST WINNERS!! Did you notice the pretty colored pictures that graced our wall by the children's library on Founder's Day last May? They were entries in a coloring contest for PVNC's 30th anniversary celebration. They were all so good that we had a difficult time trying to decide on the winners! Congratulations to the following young artists, who won a gift certificate for our Sunflower Shop: Age: up to 4 - Amylee Snyder 5 to 7 - Michael Rodriquez 8 to 10 - Kasey Schaffer ATTENTION ACME AND GENUARDI'S SHOPPERS! If you shop at either of these stores, they will donate a percentage of your purchase to PVNC: Acme-save your register tapes and bring to the nature center. Thanks to Marianna Hoffman for adding and preparing Acme tapes for redemption. Genuardi's-register your Genuardi's Club Card - Call us or register online at www.escrip.com, or in the store. Designate the Friends of Peace Valley Nature Center, Group ID # 150301483. We'll receive a donation automatically each time you shop and use your card. BRING BACK THE ELMS!! American Elms used to be a fixture on streets throughout the nation. Dutch Elm Disease decimated the American Elm and drastically changed the look of our cities, towns and villages. However, all is not lost. You can help bring them back!! Peace Valley Nature Center is selling Elms from our nursery which have a warranty against loss due to Dutch elm disease. These special 6' trees cost $150 apiece and can be planted along your street, in your yard, or in a public place such as a park, school, or church. A limited supply of larger Elms are available, call to check on availability and price. This project has been a wonderful fundraiser for PVNC. It is also an excellent "hands-on" way for people to help re-establish the American Elm. Call the Nature Center for further information. Trees will be available for Fall planting in late August, September and October. Call to reserve an American Elm now! WANT TO BE ON OUR E-MAIL LIST? PVNC members can receive updated information about nature center activities via e-mail. If you would like to be on this list, send your e-mail address to: peacevalleynaturecenter@co.bucks.pa.us VOLUNTEER NEWS FRANK AND DOLORES BURNS: HELPFUL VOLUNTEERS! Seven years ago, Frank and Dolores were on a hawk watch in Cape May, New Jersey. As they kept an eye on the sky for raptors, a woman whom they had been chatting with told them of a beautiful nature center near their home in Buckingham. Having just moved there a few years previous, they were excited to hear about this facility and decided to visit. The nature center was none other than Peace Valley Nature Center! Frank and Dolores fell in love with PVNC and immediately became members. Shortly thereafter, they started volunteering. Dolores volunteers in the store and has done a great job. She is courteous and helpful to our customers. Her favorite part of the job is to meet people and find out where they are from and what brought them to the nature center. While Dolores is minding the store, Frank is out on his trail clipping back multiflora rose. He also coordinates our trailkeepers, making sure all of our trails are being cleared of intruding plants. If a trailkeeper finds a major problem on their assigned trail, they let Frank know who in turn reports it to the director. Frank likes being a trailkeeper because it gets him outside doing something that gives him the feeling of accomplishment. A task that Frank and Dolores like to do together is help with the newsletter mailings. They have been faithful volunteers in this tedious but important job. Originally from Philadelphia, Frank and Dolores met at a dance. They were married while Frank attended LaSalle College (now University). After school, Frank secured a position with General Tire, prompting a move to Connecticut where they lived for forty years and raised their family. In 1996, with the kids out of the nest, they moved back to the area and settled in Buckingham. They now split their time between Buckingham in the summer and Florida in the winter. In Florida, Frank and Dolores volunteer at aÉ..you guessed itÉ. a nature center! The Six Mile Slough Nature Center in Ft. Myers to be precise! At Six Mile Slough they lead tours and rove the boardwalk for public information. Peace Valley Nature Center is lucky to have Frank and Dolores here for part of the year! WHERE ARE THEY NOW? Here's more news of our past interns who have continued their careers in environmental education. Chris Knoll (Spring 1993) - worked as a naturalist with the Swickley Heights Borough (near Pittsburgh) for nine years. Recently accepted a position as a conservation worker at the Magee Marsh Wildlife Area in Oak Harbor, Ohio. His job duties there include education and trail maintenance. Rebecca Lesko (Sherman) (Fall 1991)- held a position with the National Wildlife Federation after leaving Peace Valley. She later became the Education Director at The Tenafly Nature Center in New Jersey. While at Tenafly she became involved as a volunteer with the Alliance for New Jersey Environmental Education (ANJEE). She was a conference coordinator, and then became the president of the organization until the end of June of this year. She currently is working as a freelance environmental educator and has been involved with a land trust to start the Endless Mountains Nature Center near Tunkhannock, PA. THANK YOU Winterberry garden along new Bike & Hike area: Chris Minnich with Bucks Beautiful Grant with assistance from Terry Greber Andy, Erik and Benjamin Metz Herb garden at Barn: Jane Hoover, with plants & mulch donated by Russell Gardens Wholesale Primex Gardens Center Peace Valley Lavender Farms Turtle logs: Career Academy participants: Matt Breinich & Josh Dukeman Butterfly garden (on Mini-Loop) upkeep: Barbara Brown General garden work: Lori Young Ongoing Mini-Loop trail work and other projects: Youth Services General trail work: All our trailkeepers

I REMEMBER By your Founder, Carolyn Corey Jarin When asked to write this for the next three newsletters, I agreed, and then spoke my often-uttered cry of "help!" After spending a lot of time looking back, remembering and condensing ....here goes! I remember: In 1948 - When I came to live in Bucks County and walked down the nature path in Henry Chapman Mercer's woods in Doylestown where I saw his now well known "motto" on the gardener's cottage: "Who Learns will Love and Not Destroy, The Creature's Life, the Flower's Joy." In 1974 - Serving on the Bucks County Park Board in preparation for persuading the county to allow me to start a third nature center here in Central Bucks. In 1975 - Starting Peace Valley Nature Center at the northeast end of the newly dedicated Peace Valley Park, and using an old dog kennel as my office. 1975 - 1979 - Spending most of my time outside planning and laying out trails and figuring where to put ponds. Creating the first trail map for the area northeast of Chapman Road. - Taking first "Pooh" walk to teach young children about different habitats and homes in our "100 acre woods." - Carolyn Constable and Shelley Taylor helping as Teacher/naturalists for the very early programs. - Working with Don McClintock, then principal of Doyle Elementary School, on bringing his students here to our "outdoor classroom". Within the next three years all Central Bucks 4th graders were coming here. - Deciding to be called by my maiden name Corey since it was easier with similarly named Carolyn Constable, Carole Sgrillo both working here. - Fred Mears, a local resident, becoming one of our first volunteers, then a "CETA" paid employee, then a county employee. Fred ran our first Saturday Morning Bird walks and continued them for as long as he worked here. - Starting our bird seed barn store, developing the Bucks Co. Audubon seed mix to sell there. - Starting Sunday Nature Walks, Tuesday Adult Walks, Night Hikes, Teacher Naturalist Training, Maple Sugaring and Full Moon Walks, in addition to school programs. - Meeting at my rented house here with various local school and conservation oriented citizens around Central Bucks, to talk about starting an organization to support the nature center (The Friends of Peace Valley Nature Center). This was accomplished by fall of Ô77. Fred Mears served as the first president. - Helping the State Came Commission waterfowl biologist to catch and band waterfowl at this end of Lake Galena -to help with studies on goose populations (resident vs. migrating). In 1977 - 1979 - "Fighting" to keep the peace at this end of Lake Galena by not allowing fishermen in a 25 acre area around the Chapman Road bridge. Finally succeeded in setting aside this "Protected Wildlife Area." PVNC RECIEVES $25,000 STATE GRANT FOR SOLAR RENOVATION The Department of Community and Economic Development (DCED) of PA has extended its support to the dedicated people who make up the Friends of Peace Valley Nature Center. State Representative Kathy Watson assisted us in obtaining this $25,000 grant to be used towards our solar renovations. Notification of this DCED grant was great news because along with $54,000 in member and local business contributions and the Bucks /Montgomery Homebuilders Assoc. pledge of $20,000 and up to $80,000 in materials, it brings our fundraising closer to the level where we can cover our construction costs. As this newsletter went to print, we were waiting for the approval of an additional $20,000 grant from the DCED, through Senator Joe Conti's office. Also, the Bucks County Parks Department will be providing more support, both monetarily and by helping us to finalize plans and to obtain township permits. Although we have had to revert to a somewhat scaled down version of the plans we are looking forward to the start of construction of our "green" renovations. Contributions would still be appreciated. Further donations contributed to this fund drive will go towards much needed educational displays and the development of programs to enhance understanding of the latest construction conservation principles. It is because of the commitment from you, as our Friends, that we are able to pursue creating a truly eco-renovation. Thank you again for your continuing support of environmental education here at Peace Valley. Cindy Long, President, Friends of Peace Valley Nature Center THE NATURALIST'S CORNER RED TAILED HAWKES What's that up in the sky? Is it a plane? Is it a bird? It's a Red-tailed Hawk! These beautiful members of the buteos genus (large soaring hawks) are widespread throughout the United States, and are regularly seen here at Peace Valley Nature Center. The Red-tailed Hawk is the largest of the hawks and usually weighs between two and four pounds, with the female being nearly a third larger than the male. When they soar overhead, they often let out a distinct, raspy two to three second "kree-e-e-e-e" calls in flight. Like all hawks, Red-tailed Hawks are carnivores, and it is believed that eighty-five to ninety percent of their diet is composed of small rodents such as mice, rats, moles, rabbits and squirrels. They also eat snakes and lizards. These hawks hunt by soaring at a high altitude and use their keen eyesight (which is eight times as powerful as ours!) to see the smallest movement in the grass below. When one spots its prey, it dives rapidly and grabs its dinner in its strong talons, killing it and either swallowing it whole or tearing it to pieces with its sharp, curved raptor beak. Red-tailed Hawks build nests high in the forks of large trees. Their nests often reach colossal proportions; when a pair returns to the same nesting site (it is believed they mate for life), they work together to add to and repair the nest. Sometime between March and May, after reaching the age of three, the female will lay two white or bluish-white eggs marked with reddish spots and splotches. The female incubates and the incubation period lasts twenty-eight days; during this time, the male hunts for her and brings her food. Once the young hatch, they grow slowly, and remain in the nest for as long as forty-eight days. An interesting side note to nesting is that Great Horned owls will frequently use the previous years' nest of a Red-tailed Hawk. The next year the Red-tailed will remodel it and use it while the owl finds a new Red-tailed nest and uses that! The young soon learn to fly and hunt for themselves, but due to their inexperience, young Red-tailed Hawks may be seen eating road-kill until they gain the hunting skills necessary to survive. On very, very rare occasions, young Red-tails have been known to kill chickens, earning them the rather inaccurate nickname of Chicken Hawk. Unfortunately, due to this nickname, some farmers indiscriminately shoot and kill this beautiful bird in a misguided attempt to protect their flocks. The fields here at Peace Valley Nature Center are perfect hunting grounds for these amazing raptors, and if you keep your eyes and ears open you may even be lucky enough to see one dive for its dinner! Spring Intern Christy Articola is a graduate of Fordham University (BA Communications '98) and the College of Saint Rose (MS Education, Elementary Ed. '02). She likes music, camping, and boating, sleeping and long walks on the beach. She is from Albany, N.Y. and hopes to pursue a career in environmental education. NATURALIST WALKS MOONLIGHT WALKS Wednesday, August 17, 8 pm Tuesday, September 20, 8 pm Those warm summer nights are on their way out, so join us for the last moonlight walks of the year. Your nose will smell the last flowers of summer and the first spice of fall! Your fingers will feel the textures and contrasts of natural objects. Listen to insects and birds singing with a variety of chirps, whistles and trills. A screech owl may respond to the naturalist's call. Walk cancelled if it rains. SINGLES WALKS Saturdays, 10 am - 12 noon August 20, September 3, October 15, 29 Tired of walking alone? Then join singles of all ages for these fascinating walks. Fall colors will brighten the trails. The air feels cool and smells spicy. Late blooming flowers and birds are abundant. No children please. Bring lunch for after the walk. BIRD WALKS Saturdays, 7 - 9 am The southward migration of birds starts with the wading birds in late summer. Warblers wing their way through in September and are challenging to identify in their fall plumage. October brings Raptors overhead at the peak of their migration. A $1 donation suggested. SUNDAY FAMILY WALKS 2pm FALL FLOWERS September 18 & 25 Flowers like Goldenrods and Asters are still in bloom in Peace Valley's fields. Join a naturalist to view them before they turn to seed. SENSORY EXPERIENCES October 9 Have you ever had a tea party for your nose? Taken a picture with an imagimatic camera? Caught the shadow of a flower? Heard the trill of a cricket? You will on this fun filled sensory walk! CATCH THE COLOR October 16 & 23 Fall color is here! The green leaves have changed into a host of gorgeous colors. Vivid reds, subtle browns, florescent oranges and bright gold's are everywhere! A PVNC naturalist will let you in on the secrets of this yearly display. HOMES & HIDEAWAYS October 30 & November 6 The nature center has many places for animal homes or hideouts. Trees are perfect for winter dens. Animals like groundhogs can burrow through the soil and make a chamber below the frost line. Some insects make galls in preparation for the cold. Help the naturalist find them! ACTIVITIES Advanced registration and payment is required except where noted. To pre-register for an activity, send your name, phone number, and the fee to Peace Valley Nature Center, 170 Chapman Rd., Doylestown, PA 18901. The fee is not refundable one week before the program. Make checks payable to Friends of PVNC. Your money will reserve your place. Class sizes are limited, so register early! DRAWING AND PAINTING FROM NATURE Wednesday, September 21, 28, October 5, 12, 9 am -12 noon Joan Bitzer returns with her popular nature art lessons. The nature center grounds have a diversity of scenic beauty that make ideal subjects to paint. Beginners are encouraged to come. Please bring your own pencils, paint and paper. Fee $55 (Members $50). GAGGLES OF GHOULS AND GOBLINS! Friday, October 28 and Saturday, October 29, 7 - 9 pm Come to Peace Valley Nature Center where a ghostly guide will lead you on a spooky walk through our Haunted Trails!! You will encounter hairy spiders, slimy snakes, rabid bats, black cats and moaning ghosts. Our spooky characters will expose the myths people have about these animals and natural occurrences, then teach you the real facts!! Enjoy cider and roasted marshmallows after your chilly walk!! Not recommended for children under 7 years old. Advanced registration not necessary! Fee $6 per person (members $4). REPTILRAMA Saturday, October 22, 1 - 2 pm Leonard Knapp returns to Peace Valley Nature Center with his Reptilrama program. You will be amazed by Leonard's impressive collection of live reptiles and amphibians, and his wealth of knowledge! Reptilrama has always been a popular program, so arrive early to find a good seat. Advanced registration is not necessary. Fee $3 per person ($2 members). SLIDE SHOW THE CHALLENGES OF BIRD PHOTOGRAPHY Thursday, October 20, 7:30 pm Join Dr. Howard B. Eskin as he presents a slide show of local bird photographs taken this year. Howard will address the challenges and technical difficulties of photographing birds with both the handheld camera and digiscope. August Mirabella and Ron French will add to the "birding" commentary. It should be a delightful presentation and a chance to see beautiful photos of many of our very own migrant and resident species. FIELD TRIPS Advanced registration and payment is required. Fee not refundable after one week prior to trip. Make checks payable to Friends of PVNC, send to 170 Chapman Road, Doylestown, PA 18901. All field trips leave from the nature center at the specified time. Travel is by carpool; all riders pay five cents per mile into the "kitty" which is divided among the drivers. FORSYTHE NWR (Brigantine) Sunday, August 14, 6:30 am - 5 pm Mid August at Forsythe is an excellent time and place to look for late arriving shorebirds. Often seen are Buff-breasted Sandpiper, Ruff and Gull-billed Tern. Bring insect repellant and lunch. Fee $10 (members $8). SANDY HOOK Sunday, September 11, 6am - 5pm We journeyed to Sandy Hook (New Jersey) in the spring, now we will visit in late summer. Participants will look for ducks, shorebirds and other fall migrants. Bring Lunch. Fee $10 (members $8). BAKE OVEN KNOB Sunday, October 16, 8 am - 4 pm Bake Oven Knob is one the best places in our region to look for migrating raptors. October is the middle of migration for the majority of hawks. We may get lucky and spot a bald or golden eagle. Bring lunch. Please note that there are no bathroom facilities available on site. Fee $10 (members $8). DUCKS of FORSYTHE NWR Sunday, November 6, 7 am - 5 pm We will travel again to Forsythe National Wildlife Refuge (formerly known as Brigantine) to search for a variety of ducks. We will then go to Great Bay Blvd. a few miles north to look for sparrows and to view ocean migration of waterfowl. Bring lunch. Fee $10 ($8 members). CHILDREN'S PROGRAMS Advanced registration and payment is required. To pre-register, send your name, phone number, and the fee to Peace Valley Nature Center, 170 Chapman Rd., Doylestown, PA 18901. The fee is not refundable one week before the program. Make checks payable to Friends of PVNC. Your money will reserve your place. Class sizes are limited, so register early! MISS SPIDER'S TEA PARTY Sunday, October 30 1:30 - 2 pm Bring your favorite stuffed critter friend to sip tea (juice) munch crumpets (snack food), enjoy a story and the company of Miss Spider, as she extends her hospitality to you. This program is free! Advanced registration is not required! KIT CREW Age 2 & 3 with caregiver Fee: $50 (Member $40) Accompanying siblings: Under 2, no charge, age 4-K - $10 Class size 5 children Search for insects, trees, worms, mice, and rabbits to name a few! Learn about these fascinating creatures, look for tracks, get up close with a worm, listen for the sounds of nature, and more! Listen to a story, have a snack, set off down the trails for the day's adventure and return to the building to create your craft of the day. Tuesdays 10 - 11:30 am October 11, 18, 25 & November 1 Rain date: November 8 Wednesdays 10 - 11:30 am October 12, 19, 26 & November 2 Rain date: November 9 Winter Sessions: Tuesdays 10 - 11:30 am Jan. 3, 10, 17, 24 Rain Date Jan. 31 Thursdays 10 - 11:30 am Jan. 5, 12, 19, 26 Rain Date Feb. 2 PARENT & PRESCHOOLERS Ages 4 - 6 with caregiver Fee: $50 ($40 members) includes one adult and one child, $10 additional child. Accompanying siblings 2-3 $5.00, under 2 no charge. Outdoor learning experiences for 4 & 5 year old children and their caregiver. Autumn color will greet you as you walk from the fields to the woods discovering animal homes, the wonders of seeds, and much more! Includes a story, snack and craft to take home. Tuesdays, 10 - 11:30 am October 11, 18, 25 & November 1 Rain date: November 8 Wednesdays 10 - 11:30 am October 12, 19, 26 & November 2 Rain date: November 9 Winter Sessions: Tuesdays, 10 - 11:30 am Jan. 3, 10, 17, 24 Rain Date Jan. 31 Thursdays, 10 - 11:30 am Jan. 5,12,19, 26 Rain Date Feb. 2 TEACHER NATURALIST TRAINING September 20, 21, 22, 27, 28, 29 Afternoons 1:00-3:00 pm WORKING OUTDOORS AND TEACHING GROUPS OF CHILDREN! If these two things are important to you, then join us! These training courses present the programs and techniques we use to bring environmental education to life for children of all ages. At no cost to you! NEWTOWN CAMERA CLUB PHOTOGRAPHY SHOW October 8 2005 through February 26 2006 Opening reception: Saturday, October 8, 3 to 5 p.m. Join us for the opening reception of Nature Photography, a show presented by the Newtown Camera Club. This reception is open to the public and is free of charge. Come and meet the photographers, and see their unique vision of beautiful Bucks County and other locations. The show will also include photographer Edie Wright who displayed her photos in our previous shows. A percentage of the proceeds from the sale of the framed photos, small matted prints and note cards hand crafted by the photographers will go to the Friends of Peace Valley Nature Center. For further information contact exhibit chair Mort Metersky at 215-672-4598. Click [HERE] to view back issues of our newsletter.

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